Institutiones Administrationis - Journal of Administrative Sciences
Institutiones Administrationis – Journal of Administrative Sciences (IAJAS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing original research articles and book reviews on public administration, public law, and political science broadly considered. IAJAS accepts submissions on all facets of public administration, public law, constitutional law, public policy, public management, and fiscal administration both from Central and Eastern Europe and from other parts of the globe. The journal was founded by Széchenyi István University in 2021, and it is published by its University Press, Universitas Győr Non-profit Ltd.
An Analysis of Some Labor Market Regulation Segments of Slovakia in Reflection to the Hungarian Labor Market Development Measures Going into Effect in 2025
Under the active Hungarian public finance model, in place since 2010, labor market regulation has come under strong state influence and control. As its keys result, an additional one million people are now on the labor market, the employment rate has risen from 52% to almost 80%, while the unemployment rate remained below 4%, even during the 2020–2024 crisis years. The Hungarian government provides targeted labor market subsidies, and starting in 2025, has introduced new rules to strengthen the labor market. These government actions are designed to prevent westward migration and to help both the families and society as a whole to prosper. Following a brief overview of these Hungarian actions, the study places its findings next to those on Slovakia, a neighboring country at a similar level of development. As such, it presents a detailed analysis of the key elements of the Slovakian labor market regulations with a view to highlighting its differences in the regulatory methodologies of the two countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Csaba Lentner, Zsolt Horbulák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Establishing a System for Verifying Matriculation Exam in Polish Administrative Law: Selected Aspects
The secondary school leaving exam exists under various names and with varying characteristics across the globe. The Polish matriculation exam (“matura”) deserves special attention as it has assumed a new, external aspect since its overall reform in 2005. Unfortunately, the first years after the reform revealed a significant problem with its assessment: numerous cases of incorrectly graded papers have been reported which fueled large-scale social unrest as there was no procedure in place for appealing against the matura results. After more than ten years, the regulations were changed for the better, and a special body, the College of Examination Arbitration was installed. In this paper, I consider this historic development, and I offer a general treatment of its administrative and constitutional implications as to the educational rights and civic liberties within the Polish legal context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Łukasz Kierznowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article examines the elimination of minority language education in Belarus following the 2022 Education Code revision, which effectively erased programs previously available in Lithuanian and Polish in a small number of schools. While nominally permitting minority language study, the new code, implemented under the Lukashenka administration, restricts instruction to language and culture classes contingent upon formal student requests and official approvals. Given Belarus’ position outside the Council of Europe and the resulting lack of influence from legally binding minority rights instruments, this article explores the relevant legal framework, the Lukashenka administration’s political reasoning and communication tactics, and reactions from neighboring kin-states within Brubaker’s triadic nexus. It reveals how broad discretionary power undermines minority language rights, silences minority voices, and dismantles prior educational achievements within this complex political and legal landscape.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiryl Kascian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing the Evolution of Lobbying Legislation in Lithuania and Ireland, Whither Regulatory Robustness?
This paper examines the evolution of the laws regulating lobbying in Lithuania and Ireland using the Centre for Public Integrity’s (CPI) “Hired Guns” quantitative index for assessing/evaluating the robustness of lobbying legislation. This index, measuring transparency, accountability and enforcement, is a scoring system developed in 2003 to assess lobbying disclosure laws in United States (US) states that has since been applied in many other countries and jurisdictions. Employing the CPI’s index enables the findings here to be compared with those of other countries, states and territories that possess lobbying regulations. The paper shows that, first, Lithuanian legislation initially scores higher on the CPI index than Irish legislation; second, Lithuania’s CPI score declines longitudinally, whereas Ireland’s remains unchanged; and third, amendments introduce additional rules, sanctions and close loopholes – representing incremental improvements to lobbying regulations – often too subtle for the CPI index to capture.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Hogan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research examines the integration of Ibn Khaldûn’s administrative principles within contemporary governance, challenging Western-centric narratives in public administration. Utilizing qualitative analysis of governmental reports, historical texts, and policy documents from twenty countries, the study highlights the traces and adaptations of Khaldûnian thought in governance structures. Key findings reveal the diverse interpretations and applications of foundational concepts derived from Khaldûn’s work, such as social cohesion ('asabiyyah) and the balance between justice and economic prosperity, within varying political and administrative frameworks. The research underscores how these historical principles continue to resonate in addressing modern governance challenges, including decentralization, stakeholder participation, and the ethical integration of religious and cultural values. By bridging historical insights with contemporary practices, the study contributes to diversifying public administration theories, advocating for culturally resonant governance approaches. The comparative exploration enriches the academic discourse on inclusive and effective governance, offering policymakers practical frameworks for integrating historical insight into modern administrative systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haris Alibašić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges of the Current Tax-sharing System in Slovakia
The sharing of state tax revenues with local self-governments is a common practice in most countries, and the Slovak Republic is no exception. However, these systems vary significantly and while some countries apply a wider tax mix, others use just a single shared-tax system. The latter is the case in Slovakia. The paper evaluates, therefore, the appropriateness of using the current single tax (PIT), in terms of income stability, budget foreseeability and income sufficiency, for this purpose, and afterwards, it takes a look at the appropriateness of the single shared-tax system at large. Based on the data, PIT seems to be a smart choice for the Slovak Republic, as it is both income stable and budgetary foreseeable. From the income-sufficiency point of view, PIT is a medium voluminous tax, compared to other state taxes. However, from the local governments’ perspective and with reference to their needs, this tax is simply not enough. Thus, the overall findings support the idea of enlarging the system to a broader tax mix, just like the ones endorsed by most of the neighboring countries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anna Vartašová, Miroslav Štrkolec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Property Tax in Municipal Budget
Tax revenues of municipalities can be divided into shared and entrusted (own, local) taxes in the Czech Republic. There are several local taxes sensu lato, the most important of which is the immovable property tax. This article is set to evaluate its role in the Czech municipal budgets, predominantly by way of comparing the economic data concerning the revenues of local self-government units in OECD countries. From a legal perspective, the text describes and critically analyzes the legal regulation of the Czech immovable property tax and specifically points out municipalities’ potential to influence their revenue with regard to political debates and recent changes in legal regulation. In the discussion part, the challenges connected with the changes in the legal regulation of the immovable property tax and changes in the budget determination of taxes are defined, and the impacts of these changes are analyzed in details. The authors argue that the role of the property tax is negligible and municipalities must rely on sources of funding other than local taxes to meet their statutory obligations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Eva Tomášková, Michal Radvan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Property Tax Systems: Proposals for Slovakia and the Czech Republic
Property taxes are often overlooked in discussions on taxation policy, despite their potential to contribute significantly to stable and sustainable public budgets, especially at the local level. This paper provides an assessment of possible reforms to the property tax systems of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, with a focus on the feasibility and justification of transitioning to a value-based assessment system. While acknowledging the need for increased revenues from property taxes, the author expresses skepticism about the suitability of such a transition in the contexts of both countries. The findings nevertheless underscore the comparatively low revenue impact of property taxes in both nations, indicating a need for alternative strategies to enhance revenue generation. The author argues that a proactive utilization of municipal discretion and minor legislative modifications offer more feasible avenues for enhancing property tax revenues without necessitating profound structural changes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ádám Pál https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Mother Tongue in Public Administration
Citizens are primarily in contact with the state through public administration, and due to the changing and expanding role of the state, this contact is becoming more and more frequent and complex. An important element of the regulation of the citizen–state relationship is the definition of the language of their communication, respecting, on the one hand, the freedom of language use and the prohibition of discrimination, and on the other hand, the identity of the state-forming nation and the principle of efficiency. Thanks to its decades-long tradition of multilingual public administration, Serbia ensures relatively broad rights to use mother tongue before public administration bodies. However, practice does not catch up with the law. The paper’s goal is to present the discrepancies between the de iure and de facto situation in the field of official language use in Serbia’s multilevel public administration, and to suggest a paradigm shift for further improvement.
Copyright (c) 2024 Katinka Beretka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Culture and Identity: Two Emerging Topics in Hungarian Constitutional Law
The paper discusses the concepts of culture and identity within the context of the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The first part focuses on the relationship between the state and culture, both from a conceptual and an ideological point of view. The second part examines how references to culture and identity appear in the Fundamental Law. It is argued that by juxtaposing the two terms in Article R, the Fundamental Law seeks to broaden the meaning of constitutional identity, to include a historical-cultural dimension, and make it a rhetorical topic useful for the construction of exclusivist arguments.
Copyright (c) 2024 Miklós Könczöl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Correlation of Digital Competence and Crisis Management
In the age of digitalization, when almost all aspects of social activity are effected and novel threats to a rapidly changing environment are being posed, the ability of public servants to use digital tools competently is crucial for an effective crisis management. This article examines the two-dimensional importance of digital competence, which includes both an ability to operate modern technologies and an awareness of potential cyber threats. The study draws on a literature analysis coupled with qualitative and behavioral methods to explore how digital competence affects the effectiveness of crisis management. The results indicate that it is not only technical proficiency that is important but ongoing cyber security training too is of crucial importance. These two combined form the basis for effective prediction, monitoring and response to crises. The article highlights the need to integrate digital competence as a fundamental element of crisis management strategies in public administrations while suggesting directions for further research in this area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krzysztof Kaczmarek, Mirosław Karpiuk, Jarosław Kostrubiec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strengthening the Financial Sustainability of Serbian Local Governments by Improving their Efficiency and Effectiveness
This paper examines the financial sustainability of local governments in Serbia, focusing on the historical evolution of the local government system, revenue and expenditure trends, and reforms aimed at enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. The findings indicate that while the transition to a single-tier model and various reforms have provided stability, challenges remain. Key issues include limited fiscal autonomy, demographic decline, and the disparities of financial resources across municipalities. The paper highlights that although property tax decentralization and the introduction of new local revenue sources have improved revenue collection, differences in expenditure and resource allocation affect the equitable development of local communities. The paper also identifies that administrative reforms, digitalization, and inter-municipal cooperation have enhanced efficiency and service delivery, but further steps are necessary to ensure comprehensive and sustained financial health. Ultimately, it suggests that to achieve long-term financial sustainability, Serbian local governments need reforms that promote greater fiscal autonomy, equitable resource allocation, and a balance between infrastructure investment and social services, shifting towards the latter.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dejan Vučetić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming External Control of Municipal Finances in Hungary
The external control of the Hungarian municipal finances has been based on the traditional, continental dual model: the State Audit Office of Hungary, responsible for the professional control of these finances on the one hand, and the County (Capital) Government Offices, performing the legal supervision of the decisions and procedures of municipal finances on the other hand. This paper analyzes how this ecosystem has been transformed, and how central governmental control has been strengthened during the last decade. It also examines the phenomenon of blurring the boundaries between professional and legal control and supervision. Finally, it reviews the complementary elements of this system, such as the inspection competences of the Hungarian State Treasury and the asset management control powers of the public prosecutors.
inspection of central government funding
Copyright (c) 2024 István Hoffman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This work comprehensively analyzes the legal definition of genocide. In so doing, it details the material and mental conditions that can lead to an individual’s punishment for the commission of the crime of genocide. Further, it addresses some of the difficulties that have arisen when interpreting and applying the legal rule. To this end, this work starts by presenting the basic structure of the crime of genocide, and also the goals of its legal prohibition. It then concentrates on the material element (actus reus) of genocide, placing emphasis on two difficulties; namely, the notion of the group, and how to identify the four protected groups. In addition, the conduct prohibited by the Convention is detailed. This work then focuses on the mental element (mens rea) of the crime, examining each term from the Convention’s formulation separately in order to better assess the concept of specific intent. This work then considers the meaning of article 30 from the ICC Statute. Ultimately, this work details the conventional definition of genocide and reveals some of the main interpretative challenges associated with it.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stearns Broadhead https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Participatory Communication for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
Traditional top-down approaches exclude communities from participating in policy design and decision-making, while existing communication models are inadequate in addressing communication and service delivery challenges in rural municipalities. And Matatiele Local Municipality (MLM) is no exception. This study is focusing on Matatiele Local Municipality’s use of participatory communication (PC) processes in line with democratic principles and their impact on service delivery. It explores the communication practices, the nexus between good governance and participatory communication and identifies approaches towards participatory communication in rural Matatiele. From an interpretivism paradigm, the study employed a qualitative research method that permit a focused examination of nineteen purposively selected participants. Data retrieved from the semi-structured interview and from secondary sources was analysed thematically and narratively. Findings indicate that participatory communication is not uniformly applied across all areas within MLM jurisdiction. Infrastructure deficits, service delivery challenges and issues related to decentralisation are also identified. The study concludes that traditional authorities play a significant yet overlooked role in democratic development at the local level. Recommendations include an emphasis on the reassessment of the role citizens play in the decision-making process to enhance their meaningful involvement and empowerment in the governance process beyond participation by consultation. Therefore, participatory communication practices beyond establishing clear feedback mechanisms, enhancing responsiveness to community concerns, and improving citizens’ influence on final decisions can promote mutual understanding and cocreation of content that could enhance citizens’ livelihoods.
Copyright (c) 2024 Moroesi Lebenya, Betty Claire Mubangizi, Oluwaseun Temitope Ojogiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of the equality plans of the Provincial Council of Ourense, Spain
The purpose of this document is to identify which actions in the Equal Opportunities Plan 2023–2026 of the Ourense Provincial Council have the potential to increase equality of opportunity between women and men in positions of similar status, with respect to an analysis of the objectives of the First Equality Plan of (2017–2021). The methodology for measuring the achievements of these strategic objectives consisted of a descriptive comparative study, where the changes in the stated objectives were analyzed, and a quantitative functional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the typology and functionality of each position. A clear distinction was made between the goals achieved and those requiring more decisive intervention in future. In addition, it recognizes that women are very underrepresented in the most desirable positions at Ourense Provincial Council.
Copyright (c) 2024 Manuel Octavio del Campo Villares, Eladio Jardón Ferreiro, Karla Ladrón de Guevara Marín, Mara Shakti Pantoja Montiel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Transformation of the Financial Autonomy of Local Governments
Ensuring a broad degree of financial autonomy is a fundamental issue for local government. In the context of the administrative modernization of recent years, several legislative measures have been taken which have directly or indirectly limited the financial and economic autonomy of local governments in Hungary. The paper gives a brief overview of the development of the Hungarian local government system in 1990, comparing the initial regulation with the standards of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. It discusses, then, the restructuring of the system in 2011, and lists the legal institutions which, in the author’s view, have led to restrictions on local government management. The paper covers the introduction of the task-financing system, the establishment of district offices, the restructuring of the role of county governments, and the constitutional and other legal obstacles to municipal borrowing.
Copyright (c) 2024 András Bencsik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Relationship Between the World Giving Index and the Donations in Lions Clubs International Foundation
There is much research on how to improve the provision of local public services without having to increase municipal public spending. Latest trends stress out the role of citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that can provide various public services using private funding (donations) and volunteers. This paper analyses the relationship between the World Giving Index and donation in a selected NGO, the Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF). We investigate whether financial donations made to international humanitarian LCIF in different countries around the world influence the World Giving Index. Main methods used are panel regression and correlation analysis on the sample of 97 countries and 116,033 donors. The results suggest that donations made to LCIF have a positive impact on the World Giving Index. We support our findings with extended theory of planned behaviour model for Slovakia based on a questionnaire with 150 respondents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mária Murray Svidronova, Alena Kaščáková, Bohumír Krátky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Armed Banditry and Challenges of National Development
The incessant bandits’ activities vis-à-vis kidnapping of people for ransom, robbing them of their possessions, raping and even killing them at will by groups of people officially described as bandits in parts of Nigeria is worrisome. The study examines the nexus between governance and armed bandits’ activities, as well as its effects on the people and national development. The study relies on researchers’ observation of unfolding events in the study areas and secondary data. The study revealed that the poor quality of governance offered by the successive political leaders of Nigeria was the major inducing factor of these bandits’ activities. Other factors include political and economic reasons, a high unemployment rate, and a high level of poverty. The study concluded that bandits’ activities, if not quickly nipped in the bud will continue to inhibit the political, social, and economic development of the country, also, the activities are capable of truncating the evolving democratic governance and the corporate existence of Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adeleke Adegbami, Oluwaseun Kugbayi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insights into PCI and DDCI as Key Metrics for Measuring Subnational Competitiveness in Vietnam
The purpose of this study is to review and understand Vietnam’s measurement of competitiveness for its local authorities. This paper delves into the application of two fundamental metrics, namely the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and the Department and District Competitiveness Index (DDCI). As Vietnam continues its trajectory of rapid economic development and regional integration understanding the dynamics of competitiveness at subnational levels has great importance. Drawing upon an overview of the competitiveness concept, case study, and perspectives, the article provides a holistic understanding of subnational competitiveness metrics in Vietnam. Results offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in subnational development strategies and economic governance frameworks in Vietnam and beyond. This study also indicates future opportunities and challenges within research on pillars/indices, indicators and their impacts on creating the ease of doing business at subnational level.
Copyright (c) 2024 Phuong-Duy Nguyen, Tan-Phong Dinh, Bich-Ngoc Pham-Thi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taking Stock of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda
The study investigates the stock and trends of Public private partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda. Existing studies have made effort to research PPPs in Uganda. However, a holistic synthesis of PPP industry in Uganda has not been undertaken yet, though such information would be crucial for policy and investment decisions. The objective of this paper is to carry out a holistic overview of the PPP industry in Uganda. Data was collected by a review of literature. The main findings indicate that Uganda indicate the Uganda has significantly progressed with PPPs frameworks and stakeholder management though uptake of PPP is low. Key implications for policy and practice are stakeholder mapping beyond the documented stakeholders, extension of tenure that may reduce user fees without cost to government, improve publicness and mainstream shared value lesson in future PPPs. Capacity building should be enhanced to increase awareness and knowledge on the working of all actors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alex Nduhura, Muhiya Tshombe Lukamba , Ivan K. Twinomuhwezi, Thekiso Molokwane, Paddy Mugambe, Faith Kadondi, Innocent Nuwagaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digitalization and Public Value Co-Creationin Public Sector Organizations
Public value co-creation emerged as a perspective that takes public service delivery beyond effectiveness and efficiency to the services that involve different actors which meet the citizens’ satisfaction and expectation. This development has necessitated the adoption of several strategies by governments aimed at achieving this goal. Arising from this understanding, this paper’s objective rests upon the exploration of the correlation between digitalization and public value co-creation in public sector organizations viewing the citizens as co-creators. Utilizing secondary sources of data, the paper compellingly argues that the citizens could participate more actively and effectively in digitalization driven public value co-creation in public sector organizations. However, it is highlighted in the study that digital divide is a potential obstacle which could undermine the role of citizens towards digitalization driven public value co-creation in public sector organizations. As a panacea, the paper recommends for decentralization of digital governance so as to provide majority of the citizens (especially those at the remote areas) the opportunity to participate in the public value co-creation processes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Chinedu Ofoma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kálmán, János (Ed.), A pénzügyi jog alapintézményei (ORAC, 2022)
Copyright (c) 2023 Bettina Kozák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Tech Skills to Performance Gains:How Digital Literacy Drives Productivity Improvements in the Public Sector
With rapid technological advancements, developing a digitally literate workforce is imperative for public sector organizations to enhance performance. However, research linking digital literacy and employee outcomes in developing country contexts has been limited. This study investigated the relationship between digital literacy and productivity among local government employees in Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 113 employees in Ilorin West Local Government in Nigeria. PLS-SEM was used for the analysis. Digital literacy demonstrated significant positive effects on productivity. Access to ICT positively moderated the digital literacy-productivity relationship. The study makes important theoretical contributions by extending ICT adoption research to public sector contexts and revealing the performance benefits of digital literacy in the workplace. Practically, it capacitates public organizations to increase investments in structured digital skills development programs to motivate employees and unlock productivity improvements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kazeem Adebayo Oladimeji, Abdulrazaq Kayode Abdulkareem, Abdulhakeem Adejumo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Status of Macro-Prudential Authorities in the EU Member States
The study examines the main components of the organizational framework for macro-prudential management in the Member States of the European Union. The organizational design of macro-prudential management is a competence of the Member States, which can themselves be grouped into different models. First, the study provides an overview of the international and EU standards and recommendations on the legal status of macro-prudential bodies in the Member States. Then, it lists those basic features of the legal status of macro-prudential bodies which are relevant with a view to the present inquiry before finally turning to address those very features. The study concludes that there is a tendency for the EU macro-prudential body to standardize the basic elements of the legal status of the Member State macro-prudential bodies. However, the process of standardization, in terms of the content of the institutional framework, is still at an early stage and a variety of legal solutions may be identified for each of the substantive aspects. As such, we claim that the institutional framework of macro-prudential policy is best described by a coordinated standardization of the substantive pillars with different formal features and with different legal solutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 János Kálmán, Michal Janovec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Efficacy of Public Order Training in Improving Performance of District Reaction Groups (DRGs) in the Zimbabwe Republic Police, Mutare Central District, Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe
This article sought to assess the role of public order training in improving the performance of the District Reaction Group (DRG), in the Zimbabwe Republic Police Mutare Central District. The study adopted a quantitative approach and used a descriptive survey research design. The study participants were drawn from members of Zimbabwe Republic Police Mutare Central District. A sample size of 280 participants was drawn in which a stratified random sampling technique was used. Data for this study were collected through structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and presented in the form of tables and figures. The findings of the study established that public order training had a positive significant influence on Police District Reaction Group public conduct in Mutare District. The study recommended that the Zimbabwe Republic Police should conduct more training on customer care and Human Rights through its Professional Updating Centre (PUC) in order to reduce number of complaints of human rights violations by the public.
Copyright (c) 2023 Admire Mthombeni, Tafadzwa Changara, David Chibhoyi, Nyasha Makiwa, Christabel Nyathi, Patrick Karibe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metropolization Process in the Polish and French Local Governments
The article is aimed at presenting the stages of the metropolization process in both the Polish and French local governments, in order to establish the projected vectors of change, notably within the scope of Polish metropolitan solutions. In both legal orders, as many as three stages of the metropolization process can be distinguished in the legal context: the preparatory stage, the stage comprising the universal pattern and the third – presenting the current pattern of metropolitan institutions. The analysis of the metropolization stages unambiguously indicates the incomplete metropolization institutionalization process in both legal orders, comprising the search for the proper legal form for metropolitan areas, in order for these structures to effectively perform tasks of a supra-local nature. In both cases, the evaluation of the metropolization process constitutes an important element of the discussion on the vectors of change as regards the position of the metropolis in the modern local government. The article features both the dogmatic-legal and legal-comparative methods.
metropolises in Polish and French local governments
current pattern of metropolitan institutions
Copyright (c) 2023 Monika Augustyniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emergence of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in the Intellectual Property System
This paper was set to address to what extent intellectual property law is prepared for keeping pace with the rapid development of artificial intelligence and digitalization? We examined, by way of using empirical methods, the relationship between artificial intelligence, its regulation and the current trends in intellectual works. The overall conclusion of our research findings demonstrates that current legislation is well suited to support the requirements of technological progress. Nevertheless, there are some new dimensions in terms of worthy proposals that may also be considered. This paper stresses that given AI is capable of bringing significant transformations in our daily lives about, a major paradigm shift in legislation may soon be inevitably required.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gábor Szilágyi, Judit Gyarmathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Digital Services Act and the Problem of Preventive Blocking of (Clearly) Illegal Content
The adoption of the long-awaited Digital Services Act (DSA) is undoubtedly one of the more significant successes related to the implementation of the ambitious EU Digital Strategy. In addition to important announcements that the new law will help to transform the next few years into Europe’s digital decade, an update of the liability framework for digital service providers also provided an opportunity for a broader reflection on the principles of building governance in cyberspace. Indeed, the notice and takedown model, which had been in place for more than two decades, had become progressively eroded, leading service providers to increasingly implement proactive content filtering mechanisms in an effort to reduce their business risk. The aim of this article is to explore those changes introduced by the DSA which affect the regulatory environment for the preventive blocking of unlawful online content. In this respect, relevant conclusions of the ECtHR and CJEU jurisprudence will also be presented, as well as reflections on the possibility and need for a more coherent EU strategy with respect to online content filtering. The analysis presented will focus on filtering mechanisms concerning mainly with what is referred to as clearly illegal content, as the fight against the dissemination of this type of speech, often qualified under the general heading of “hate speech”, is one of the priority tasks for public authorities with respect to building trust in digital services in the EU.
liability of intermediate service providers
Copyright (c) 2023 Marcin Rojszczak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In-Service Training of Local Servants in Croatian Local Self-Government: between old Habits and new Ideas
The purpose of this paper is to research methods of in-service training of local servants in Croatian local self-government. The research conducted in the paper aims to contribute to scientific literature given that this area is relatively poorly researched and to determine to what extent the in-service training model is in accordance with the strategic model of human potentials development. To determine this, a legal analysis, an assessment of available documents on training programs and reports on local budgets in Croatian cities is being carried out. To examine more deeply the trends in the training of local servants and to answer the paper research question, a questionnaire was sent to Croatian cities. It is concluded that the importance of local servants training, which the scientific and professional literature strongly emphasizes, has not yet been recognized in Croatia as the legal framework does not emphasize the importance of training nor encourage its modernization, while at the same time very little funds for training are allocated from local budgets. The analysis of the questionnaire shows that the new trends in the training of local servants are very poorly represented and that ultimately the traditional (administrative) model of human potentials management still prevails in Croatian local and regional self-government.
strategic model of human potentials management
Copyright (c) 2023 Gordana Marčetić, Tijana Vukojičić Tomić, Iva Lopižić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0